What is malaria? Know all information about malaria.
Complete information about Malaria.
1. General information about malaria.
2. Malaria parasite.
3. Life cycle of human malaria parasite.
1. General information about malaria.
A scientist named Ronald Ross first proved that malaria is spread by mosquitoes. And malaria is spread by Ano philis female mosquitoes. The identity of the Anophilis mosquito was discovered in 1818 by a scientist named Maingen .
Malaria has affected humans for over 50,000 years. It is believed that the malaria parasite originated in humans from chimpanzees. Malaria has been described since recorded history. The oldest description dates back to 2700 BC from China. The word malaria is derived from the medieval Italian word mala aria meaning 'bad air'. It was also called 'mud fever' (English: marsh fever) or 'ague' (English: ague) because it spread widely in marshy areas.
The first serious scientific study on malaria was done in 1880. While working in Algeria, a French army medic, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, first observed the parasite inside a red blood cell (rbc). He then proposed that this protozoan parasite was the cause of malaria. For this and other discoveries, he was also awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Medicine.
This protozoa was named Plasmodium by Italian scientists Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli. A year later, Cuban physician Carlos Finlay was the first to treat bilious fever, claiming that mosquitoes spread the disease from human to human. But the work of proving this scientifically was done by Sir Ronald Ross of Britain in 1898 while working in Secunderabad. He isolated the parasites from the salivary glands of birds biting birds by special species of mosquitoes which he reared in infected birds. He received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Medicine for this work. After resigning from the Indian Medical Service, Ross worked at the newly established Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and contributed to malaria control work in several countries such as Egypt, Panama, Greece and Mauritius.
The first effective treatment against malaria was from the bark of the Cincho tree, which contains a drug called Kunene. This tree grows on the slopes of the Andes Mountains in the country of Peru. Local people have been using this bark against malaria for a long time. Jesuit priests brought this cure to Europe around 1640 AD, where it became very popular. But Kunene could not be separated from the bark till 1820.
In the present time, effective medicines have been found after many researches. Out of which chloroquine drug is given in Malaria.Plasmodium vyvex (pv). And to prevent relapsing, Primaquine medicine is given in a course of 14 days. And Plasmodium falciparum (pf) is treated with ACT (artesunate combination therapy) and primaquine.
In India in 1953, it was estimated that there were 75 million malaria patients and 8 lakh deaths. This year the Government of India implemented the National Malaria Control Task Force to bring malaria under control. The program proved to be very effective and reduced malaria cases by 2 million annually in just five years. Inspired by the success of the program, the National Malaria Eradication Program was implemented in 1958. As a result, only 50,000 cases of malaria were reported in 1961. Then the implementation of the program became stubborn and the number of cases started increasing. In 1995, the Malaria Action Program was implemented in high risk areas. When the 19th National Anti-Malaria Program was given a new look. In 2004, all vector-borne diseases were brought under one umbrella and implemented as National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme.
2. Malaria parasite.
Malaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases and a universal public health problem. This disease is spread by means of protozoan parasite of Plasmodium type. Only four types of Plasmodium parasites affect humans, the most dangerous being Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, as well as Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. Affects humans. All these groups are called 'malaria parasites'.
The carrier of the malaria parasite is the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria parasites enter (grow) in the red blood cells of this female Anopheles bite causing symptoms of iron deficiency anemia (dizziness, shortness of breath, other non-specific symptoms such as fever with chills, Chills, nausea, and chills-like sensations are also seen. In severe cases, the patient may even faint. In some cases, the patient may even die.
Many measures can be taken to prevent the spread of malaria. While mosquito nets and repellents prevent mosquito bites, insecticide spraying and removal of stagnant water (on which mosquitoes lay their eggs) can control mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae are killed by Abate, the killer of mosquito larvae. Although the search for a vaccine/antidote to prevent malaria is ongoing, none has been discovered yet. In order to avoid malaria, you have to take medicines for a long time. And it is so expensive but it is provided free in all primary health centers. Most adults in malaria-endemic areas have recurrent malaria activity and develop partial immunity to it, but this immunity diminishes when they move to an area not affected by malaria. have If he returns to the affected area, he should again exercise full caution. Malaria infections are treated with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, but cases of drug resistance are becoming increasingly common. Malaria can be prevented by antimalarial medicine. A drug called Primaquine is given to prevent malaria from reoccurring. All the Community Health Centers. And given in primary health center.
The parasite responsible for malaria is Plasmodium. Most cases in India are caused by Plasmodium vivax (pv) and Plasmodium falciparum (pf). Deaths from malaria are relatively rare. But it can cause serious illness.
Malaria parasite thrives in mosquito and human body. The life cycle of this parasite begins when an infective female Anopheles mosquito bites a healthy person and introduces the parasite into the human body. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes can carry the parasite. So that it can infect humans. The male Anopheles mosquito does not need blood. It lives by drinking the juice of trees and leaves. And it does not spread malaria .
Types of Malaria Parasites Found in Humans
1. Plasmodium vyvex ( pv )
2. Plasmodium falciparum (pf)
3. Plasmodium malaria. (PM)
4. Plasmodium ovale (po)
3. Life cycle of human malaria parasite.
The life cycle of the malaria parasite occurs in two phases.
1. Asexual (asexual) life cycle in humans.
2. Sexual life cycle in mosquitoes.
1. Asexual (asexual) life cycle in humans.
The cycle of malaria parasite in humans is also called sporogonic cycle or sexual cycle . The cycle of these spores usually takes 8 to 10 days to complete in humans.
Stage of development in human tissues –
Malaria parasite also develops in two stages in humans.
1. First stage in the liver.
2. Tertiary phase in blood cell (RBC).
1. The first stage in the liver.
When an infective female Anopheles mosquito bites a healthy person, it injects large amounts of sporozoites into the blood. After circulating in the blood for 30 minutes, it enters the liver tissue where the time for growth and development of the adult parasite begins. The process is known as pre-hematopoietic stage Schizogony. This process is completed in 6 to 15 days depending on the type of malaria parasite. After completing that, the small parasite is released from the liver muscle and enters the blood circulation. It is known as Merozoites. When it enters the blood cell during the circulation, the second phase of the asexual life cycle of the parasite begins in the human body .
2. Pre Erythrocytic Cycle
• Plasmodium vivax – 8 days
• Plasmodium falciparum-5.5 to 6 days
• Plasmodium malaria-11 to 12 days
According to the above order, Pv 10000 (merozoites), Pm & Po 15000 and Pf more than 30000 merozoites are produced from liver tissue. Some merozoites in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infect the liver and remain inactive in the muscle. This is suddenly produced in the form of merozoites during 6 to 12 months. Which enter the blood cell and keep dividing again. This is known as external blood cell zygogy . Hypnozoites are responsible for reinfection in patients with Plasmodium vivax (pv) and Plasmodium ovale .
Phases of blood cell (ring phase):-
The life cycle of the parasite begins with a very microscopic form in the blood cell, which is known as the disease stage, which is seen in the blood cell in the form of a ring with cometin .
Tropozoites stage:-
The parasite grows from the diseased form and divides the chromatin to become trophozoites of Plasmodium vivax. Generally, the attitude of the parasite as a pre-zygote is active. During zygote, the chromatin is divided and the process of regeneration continues until it reaches the adult stage. These divided micro-spherical parts are known as merozoites .
A zygote is a rose flower-like natural formation made of different parts by merozoites. The zygote breaks off from the mature blood cell and attaches to other blood cells in the external circulation. And entering it starts an associated reproductive cycle. This process has been observed in the human body for a very long time.
Gametocyte (genital) stage:-
( mature sperm cells that fuse with each other during sexual reproduction)
Not all merozoites released from the zygote enter the hematopoietic cell for secondary reproductive processes. Naturally, some of the hematopoietic cells remain in the hematopoietic cell and transform into gametocytes capable of sexual reproduction. Male gametocytes develop into microscopic (micro) gametocytes and female gametocytes into large (macro) gametocytes. Known as gametocytes. Gametocytes can reproduce sexually within the body of the parasitic female Anopheles mosquito. It has no effect on the symptoms of the disease in the patient's body but can sometimes block the blood vessels. .
To put it simply, when an infected female Anophilis mosquito bites a human for a blood meal, sporozoites are mixed into the human blood in large quantities. After circulating in the blood for 30 minutes, it enters the liver tissue and develops there. It is called a hundred erythrocycles. The time of which is 6 to 8 days. It matures and comes out from the liver called cyzote. And even in the blood. The zygote breaks down into the merozoite after coming out of the liver and entering the blood. 2 to 15 thousand in pv and 15 to 40 thousand merozoites in case of pf. Out of which some merozoites remain in the liver again. They are called hypnozoites . Which happens only in pv case. Sometimes it can come out again in the form of merozoite after 6 to 12 months and do PV again. Primaquine is given for 14 days only to eliminate the hypnozoites . Now the merozoite circulates in the blood. It attacks the red blood cell (rbc) in the blood and moves inside it. Where the erothrocycle begins in the rbc. Which is known as the disease stage. which is found in ring shape in rbc. After completion of erothrocycle in Rbc emerges as trophozoite . Which first becomes early trophozoite and then early zyzote . The zygote matures and breaks the blood cell and circulates outside in the blood. And other blood cells (rbc) come into contact and infect it as well. Chloroquine is given to kill the parasite in the zyzote stage. It kills the early zyzote in the rbc. That is why chloroquine is called a psycotocidal drug. If the early zyzote is not eliminated, then it changes from zyzote to gametocide . When a female anopheles mosquito takes the blood meal, the gametocide will be absorbed by the mosquito along with the blood and the female anopheles will be infected and the gametocide cycle will start in the mosquito.
2. Asexual (sexual reproduction) life cycle in mosquitoes.
The cycle of the malaria parasite in the female mosquito is called the zygotic cycle or the sexual cycle .
When a susceptible adult Anopheles mosquito bites a human and ingests blood, the adult gametocytes in the infected person enter the mosquito's body. Which develops rapidly in the body of female mosquito. In 10 to 15 minutes it transforms into a viable gamete. The combination of microgamete and macrogamete prepares for the process of fertilization. After this process is completed, it forms the zygote. It becomes motile . known as
Ukainate enters the stomach and forms oocysts, which develop under the lamina. and (develops in the upper part of the stomach). The maturity of the oocyst develops at different rates. The base temperature depends on the species of the parasite and the individual mosquito species. It takes ten days to three weeks for the development of the oocyst in different species. A oocyst grows from a very microscopic body to 50 to 60 (microns). At which point it divides repeatedly until 1000 small microscopic chromatin are produced. Each chromatin is then allocated a portion of the cytoplasm. Is enough for each bite of chromatin? Thus, a rod-shaped Sporozoites are produced in very large numbers. When the oocyst ruptures, numerous sporozoites are released into the mosquito's body. From there they eventually reach the salivary glands. When the mosquito bites to draw blood, they mix with the human's blood. Thus, a sexual cycle is carried out by the mosquito. A female Anopheles takes 10-14 days after a blood meal to complete, depending on temperature and mosquito species.
When a malaria-infected man receives a blood meal through the bite of a female anopheles, the mosquito also secretes gametocide from the blood. which takes microgamete (male) and macrogamete (female). These micro gametes and macro gametes combine to form a zygote . The zygote becomes motile and transforms into a ukineate . Ukainet enters the stomach of the mosquito and becomes a oocyst and gets lodged in the upper part of its stomach. And there it develops. Usually it takes 8 to 10 days to 3 weeks. The base temperature depends on the species of parasite and the species of mosquitoes. This cycle of mosquito stops in temperature less than 16° and more than 33°. After 10 to 3 weeks this oocyst breaks and large amount of sporozoites are released in the body of mosquito. And finally it reaches the salivary gland of the mosquito. And when the mosquito bites a human to take a blood meal, the sporozoite gets mixed in the human's blood. And in 10 to 14 days, symptoms of malaria may appear.
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